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Introduction to Cardiovascular Critical Care

Foundational principles of the cardiovascular ICU: hemodynamic monitoring, resuscitation, and the approach to the critically ill cardiac patient

Lactate and the Anion Gap: Why the Two Numbers Disagree

Lactate is a fuel, not a waste product, and the anion gap is an arithmetic residual rather than a measurement. Once you accept both statements, the situations where a high lactate comes with a normal gap, or a wide gap comes with a normal lactate, stop being paradoxes and start being diagnoses.